Visiograph.



vlslosmn; APPLICATION FILED DEC. I5, 1913.

iPatentedNov. 9, 1915.

7 SHEETS-SHEET I.

l/VVENTOR.

ATTORN Y.

S. CRUSET. VISIOGRAPH.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 15, 1913.

1 ,1 60,096. Patented Nov. 9, 1915! 7 SHEETSSHEET 2.

WITNESSES; I h T x JNVENTOR.

-- By W M C na a/ 1 A'Trumfg Y.

S. CRUSET.

VISIOGR APH.

APPLICATION HL'ED DEC. 15. I913.

S a y. Mm a m H m w O= T W M 1 m H m F l mu 7 Y. w m w Q 6 m "M m M n w 3% S. CRUSET.

VISIOGRAPH.

APPLICATION FILED DEC.15| H313 1,160,096. 7 Patented. Nov. 9, 1915.

{vdumd M A TTbRNEY.

S. CRUSET.

VISIOGRAPH.

APPLICATION FILED use. 15. 19:3.

Patented Nov. 9, 1915.

JNI/LENTOR.

7 SHEETSSHEET 6- Pf JTNESSES:

A TTORNE Y.

VISIOGRAPH;

I APPLICATION FILED 010.15. 1913. 1,160,096.

Patented Nov. '9, 1915.

7 SHEET$-SHEET 7- 'INVENTOR. B y. 2 4? W WITNESSE veyors and others.

SEBASTIAN CRUSET, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

VISIO GRAPH.

Specification of Letters Patent.-

Patentedl lov, l 193-5.

Application filed December 15, 1913. Serial No. 886,769.

To all whom it "may concern.

Be it known that I, SEBASTIAN CnUsET, a subject of the Kingdom or Spain, residing at New York, in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented new and useful Visiographs, of which the following is a specification.

The present invention, which I have termed a visiograph is an optical instrument which is intended for use by artists,'sur- Generally speaking, this instrument is designed to be supported before the eyes, either by being worn like a pair of spectacles or by being mounted on a suitable structure, so that the view, scene or object to be sketched or accurately delineated, can e seen as if divided into squares or other sections which can be reproduced section by section on a paper or canvas that is ruled in sections or fractional areas corresponding to those into which the View, scene or object is divided by the visiograph.

In its simplest form, the visiograph consists of means in front of each eye for roughly dividing'the view into sections to enable the ascertainment of the relative positions and sizes of objects that go to make up the view, but in its more developed form the visiograph is based on a new scientific principle of vision and of perspective.

few general observations will be expedient to better appreciate the purposes of the visiograph. As a. simple illustration, if a group of scattered spherical objects are drawn according to the former principles of perspective, all the objects will be represented as pheroidal, being greater horizontally than vertically, except in the case of that ball which might be directly in front and at the point of the aXis rays, which of course,

remot from the axis rays would be more sphel Lodal. Furthermore, objects having straight vertical and horizontal lines will according to the former method of perspec tive, be shown in the drawing as straight and geometrically parallel. All of this is contrary to the principle of sphericity of the space and of the vision.

According to my discoveries and with the aid or the visiograph, it is possible to sketch objects perspeetively in their true proportions and relations. If a transparent fiat plate be placed before the eyes and the outlines of objects seen throu h it be traced on the plate, it will be form that all vertical cold be truly circular, and those- To ideally sketch or represent a scene in conformity with the vision efi'cted inside the eyes, the artist should be stationed within a large hollow transpareht or crystal sphere \vitlrhis center of vision at the center of the sphere from which he could cast his sight in all directions; and this sphere like a miniature of the celestial sphere should be divided in equal spaces of degrees by great circles running through its poles, or from. the zenith through the horizon or equator to the nadir; and by small circles running parallel with the horizon, whereby numerous small areas of spherical squares are formed, which may be subdivided by diagonal lines into smaller areas. The scene that is ob served through the sphere will be divided by these circles into small sections, which can be exactly reproduced on paper that is correspondingly ruled or divided. By this method all horizontal and vertical lines-will have their proper values, and spherical objects, as in the example above given, will be represented by true circles, no matter where they appear to be located, as each will be viewed 1n its turn by the direct ray of the sight which in the sphericity of vision is shifted at will, and in a pivotal swing or radiusspherical movement to every. part of the spherical space.

it is one of the objects of the present invention to approximate as nearly as possible and in a thoroughly practical manner this ideal sectionalized transparent sphere, by making the visiograph which provides for the eyes transparent or open visual fields that are divided by longitudinal and latitum dinal and other lines, so that bodies can be seen through these lines and be represented exactly as they appear; and by pro idin' the necessary fields, means for sighting ant focusing, and reflecting devices spherical views, semi-spherical cartographic views and panoramic views, as well as partial views, can be easily and accurately made Furthermore by the adoption of suitable fields companying drawings,

with the following description and appended .in Figs. 6 and 7 Fig. 22 is a view the visiograph possesses additional advantages in that optical measurements and tests can be reliably and effectively performed.

For a more complete understanding of the invention reference is to be had to the ac? taken in connection claims.

In the accompanying drawings, which illustrate several embodiments of the inven-' tion and wherein similar reference characters are used to designate corresponding parts through the' several views: Figure l is a front view of the simplest form of the instrument or sketching visiog'raph. Figs. 2 and 3 are respectively plan and side view thereof. Fig. 4 is a plan View of the instrument folded. Fig. 5 is an edge view of the folded instrument. Fig. 6 is a-plan view of the panoramic visiograph. Fig. 7 is. a perspective view thereof showing the manner in which the visiograph is applied to the head of the user. Fig. Sis a plan view of the surveyors or spheric visiograph. Fig. 9 is a side view thereof. Fig. 10 is a fragmentary perspective view of that portion-of the left horizontal quadrant that lies in f'ront' of the left eye, sh owing the mirrors thereon, the quadrant adjusting device and focusing means, etc. Fig. 11 is a detail perspective of the left side of Fig. 10, parts being broken away. Fig. 12 is a bottom plan view showing the details of the portion of the horizontal quadrant immediately in front of the eye. Fig. 13 is a rear view of the spectacle-like brackets to which the horizontal quadrants are connected. Fig. 14 is a front view of oneof the main or horizontal visual fields and its supporting frame, the field being of that type usable for making 'pano ramic views. Fig. 15 is a front view of one of the visual fields for use in making partial views. Fig. 15 is a plan view of one of the field frames. 17 is a perspective view of one end of the field frameshowing the field clamping or fastening member. Fig. 18 is a view of the opposite end of the field frame. Fig. 19, is a rear View of the surveyors or spheric' visiograph as seen from station points A A shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 20 is a front View of the extension sections of the v 'tical visual fields. Fig. 21 is a perspective View of one of the vertical visual fields andits frame. Fig. 21 is a reverse perspective view of the same. Fig. 2'2 is a disassembled view of one of the double sight preventing screens and sighting mirrors on the upper side of each. horizbntal quadrant'in the type of visiograph shown of the mirror-detached. Fig. 22 is a perspective of theparts in Fig. :32 assembled. Fig. 23

is a perspective vie-w showing the parts in Fig 22 assembled on the quadrant and also 'showmg the lower screen. Fig. Qeis a diato be specially adapted for outdoor use without the winds, ram or snow, causing an-' noyance slnpe the instrument'islight and .grammatic view in plan of the three mirrors on each horizontal quadrant in spheric type of visiograph, Fig. 8, and showing the manner of using the horizontal mirrors for to ascertain a lateral point in the horizon 90 degrees of the axis ray of sight. Fig. 25 is a diagrammatic side view of the sameipirrors showing themanner of ascertaining a structure whereby the visi'ograph is uni-.

versally moved carried and supported inde-.

pendently of the artist or surveyor. Fig. 29 1s a plan view of the same on'a reduced scale. Fig. 30 IS a sectional view on line 30-30 Fig. 29. Fig. 31 is a fragmentary perspective view of uppermost portion of the visiograph-pivotal movement structure. Fig. 32 is a detail perspective of the means '(with' its parts separated) for connecting central portions of the-visiograph with the structure for the pivotal movement. Fig. .33 is a detail perspective View of one of the means for connecting thesides of the visiograph with the support. Fig. 34 illustrates apartial view, taken withthe aid. of the visio graph, the view being drawnon paper dlvided by lines in correspondence with the lines on the'visual field through which the viewwas seen,- this being an example of a, spherical perspective plane ofdelineation. panoramic view representing half the horrzon, made with the visiograph shown in Figs. 6 and. 7 and is another example of a spherical perspective projection with its; plane of delineation. Fig. 36 illustrates half of a semi-spherical terrestrial survey made withthe aid of the visiograph shown inFigs.

projection upon its Fig. 35 illustrates a 1 v 8, 9, 19 and .20, and it illustrates also an ex- I ample of a visio -spher'ical projection drawn upon its plane of delineation. Fig. 37 illustrates a semi-spherical terrestrial and celesample of a visio-spherical projection with measurements and points) it will-be obi I served. that the instrument is so designed as simple in construction, .and isjfieldless and I I free from many of the other "devices essential in the more compl'ica'ted'forms of the its tlal survey and'illustrates also another exmeans for enabling the ascertainment of the relative. positions and dimensionsv of objects or ccmponeniv parts oi a view or scene to be sketched. in, the plate has at its or of upwa r out ilie metal conren 1 degree scale conand l)" l "pending o she distance between the centers of the two or stations A and A, Between the scales and the he plates B have sighting l and disin line with the zero and 3' degree r divisions oi the scales, tie 3 that w en the lugs 1 and 2 appear LO 5 vision directly ncident with t e and degrees divisions, the instrument is properly focused with respect to the user's eyes. The instrument is designed to be worn spectacle fashion, and consequently the inner portions of the quadrant sections 1) and D are provided with nose rests L which beacon the bridge of the nose and hingedly connected with the rear corners of the sections D and D are cur engaging members and M, which extend rearwardly over and rest on the ears, there being tapes or equival nt means fastened to the ear engaging members so as to extend back of the head and connect together for irmly retaining the device on the head. The scales C and C are used for horizontal measurements, and for vertical measurements perpendicular scales Z and 2] either straight or arcuate are employed. These are located at the forward edge of the quadrant D D and centrally between the scales C and C, one extending upwardly the other downwardly so-that they can so be seen above and below the horizon. They are thin like members having horizontal degree division lugs or projections 4 that can be easil seen. To prevent double sight only as to the horizontal scales C and C the quadrant sections have screens N and N so placed as to be close -to the eyes without intercepting the view oi the scales C U each by the proper eye. Toenable the instrument to be more conveniently carried it is foldable 66 to about'half its normal size. Hence the quad-- elements Z ting lugs I struck.

rant secions D and D are connected together with hinges (Z and d and the pintle 5 of the hinge d forms a pivot for the scale and Z whereby they are hinged] y connected with the parts D and D and can fold to a position parallel with them as shown in Fig. ii. The parts D and 1) are normally held open or locked in a common plane by a bolt J that is slidably mounted on the part 1) and movable in a guide j and extends into apocket or keeper 7" on the pal't l). i /hen this bolt or slide J, Fig. 2, is moved to the right, the parts I) and D can be folded together as shown in Figs. r and 5.

1n sketching, an artist. ordinarily begins by selecting the prominent points or features of the scene or view to be sketched and in ascertaining their relative positions, dimensions, etc, lays them out on the paper or canvas. in doing this is usual to employ the pencil or brush, holding it in front of the eyes to get the different heights and level of objects and their relative sizes and positions. This method is unreliable and lengthy as much time is required on taking the pencil or brush from the work to the eye and back again. These disadvantages are entirely overcome by this sketching visiograph and by itsnse a scene or view can be quickly and with. fair accuracy laid out on the paper or canvas. With the visiograph in position the height and level of objects and their relative sizes and positionscan be easily and reliably ascertained by means of the horizontal and vertical scales,

and as the platesv or quadrant sections are on a level with the pupil of the eyes, they do not interfere with the eyes seeing the drawing paper or the canvas which the artist may hold in his lap, hand, or on an easel. He need not change the position of his head in shifting gaze from the scene to the paper to draw thereon and vice versa, as only the eyes move, but any time he wants to locate one point with respect to another point. if horizontally, he only has to move the head. little bit to bring the edge of the quadrant to that point to have a horizontally guide; if vertically he disposes of the vertical bar of scales which he can bring instantly to any place desired.

In beginning with the visiograph a certain pointin the horizon is selected as the center in pair, about 14 degrees to each side of the middle of the visiog'raph. It is therefore easy to imagine lines running horizontally through corresponding divisions of the vertical scales, and linesrunning vertically, or

parallel to the vertical scales, through the divisions of horizontal scales, so that in of feet the scene may be divided into square sections. It will. be understood that thevpaper or canvas on which the scene is to be sketched will be divided in square sections as a plane of delineation to correspond and hence the scene can be observed piece by.

piece or section by section and reproduced on the paper in the same manner.

Taking up the panoramic visiograph ref-- erence is to be had to Figs. 6, 7, 10 to 18, 22 and 23. Although for convenience this type of instrument shall be termed a panoramic visiograph, it is to be understood that it can be used-for indoor sketching and like brackets-L and L which fit over the eye cavities and have openings 6 .for the use of the sight, the lower edge of the brackets being shaped to comfortably rest on the bridge of the nose. The openings 6 may obviously be provided with spectacle lenses for those persons who need glasses. The brackets extend rearwardly under the temples andhave hingedly connected with their rear ends at 7, car engaging members M and M respectively. "A wire or equivalent means K. extends behind the head from one ear engaging member to the other, the forward ends of the wire extending along the members and M to the rear portions of the quadrants where the ends of the wire are connected with'clamping bolts P that are adjustable in slots 9 in the quadrants, where by Wire can be adjusted to suit heads of different sizes; the rear ends of the ear en-"' gaging members are provided with series of notches F. with which the wire K is en gaged. The wire K is made in two parts having overlappingslotted ends 10 and 10' at the middle, which are adiustably connected by a clamping bolt Q. By loosening this bolt the ends 10 and 10 ean'o'e slipped in-' wardly or outwardly to narrow or widen the head. embracing means to comfortably fit the shape and size of the users head.

The eye balls are designatedby the letters A and A and-the axis raysof sight are represented by thedotted lines B and B The quadrants D and D have focusing devices 11 and 12 in the form of upstanding lugs or projections which will coincide with,

the axis rays B and B when the instru ment is properly focused for the sight. All

persons do not have their eyes set the'same' distance apart, so that it is necessa laterally adjust the quadrants towar vto from each other until the devices 11 and12' of the respective quadrants coincide with the'axis rays of sight'B and B as shown in Fig. 6. -This adjustment is affected by two right and left 'hand screws G and G that lie between the quadrants" and have threaded engagement with nuts 9 and g fastened to the quadrants. 13y turning the screws in one direction the quadrants move apart and by turning in the opposite direction the quadrants move together. After adjustment, the quadrants are clamped against movement by two pairs of clamping links J and J pivoted: respectively at 13 and 13 to the quadrants'D and D ,.said1 links being arranged in over-lapping rela tion and formed link-like to provide a large area of frictional contact and through them pass a elampin bolt 14. To facilitate the proper positioning of the instrument on the, I

head, the quadrants are respectively provided witlrnear scales "of sighting lugs 15 far scales of sighting lugs '16 and 16.

The visual fields C and C are disposed at the forward edges of and stand perpendicular to the quadrants D and D respectively, with portions extending below and above the same.

. .95. I and 15 which are adaptetd to coincide with I These fields, which are preferably made of celluloid sheet or any other transparent medium with divisions or guiding lines thereon, are removably fastened in the frames H and H. v frames are alike, as are also the any. two cmnp'anion visual fields, but different sets of fields may be used according to the nature of the-work to be 'performed' Each field These 7 prises upper and lower horizontal bars h and h and end vertical bars Sand S, the bars being so arranged as to form astilf rectangular frame. .The front edges 17 of the bars 7 and it are curved on an arc concentric with the center of the sight in the eyes and the visual field celluloid sheet will bear against their curved edges and partake of the curvature thereof. .T he end bar S is rigidly fastened to the top'and bottom bars h and h but the-bar Sis movably fastened for the purpose of reihovably lockf mg the field on the frame. The bar'Sv has y 1.25 1

upper and-lower lateral ,arms T and T'H which are respectively connected by'plvots ,t.

and t with thebars hand h. and onithei latter are seats 18 into which the extremities .7 of the bar-S engages when it is inthe field holding position. Swinging loops or clips 1110 frame, as shown in Figs. 3.6 to 18,'comlines l and Z into .an area of U and U are mounted on the upper and lower ends of the bar S to engage over the extremities of the bars IL and Jr. for locking the bar S in its seat 18. Headed studs or buttons 19 and 20 are provided on the bars S and S and in'the ends of the celluloid fields are button holes 21 and which receive the buttons, as clearly shown in Fig. 14. When the movably locking bar S of the field frame is in locking position the buttons are. in the narrow portions of the button holes, thus rendering detachment of the transparent fields impossible. The upper and lower bars It and it may be provided with pins 23 that fit in aperture 2% of the fields. The field frames are detachably secured to their respective quadrant by hooks 1 and I- that embrace the center bars S and S which have spaced collars or shoulders 25 between which the bills 26 of each hook engages. Each hook comprises a pair of members i and z" disposed on the top and bottom surface of the quadrant and connected therewith by a pivot t and in the quadrant in concentric relation to the pivot is a slot 2? to receive a clampingbolt 28 that extends through parts 2' and 2" of the hooks and clamp them frictionally against the quadrant. 'y loosening the bolt the hooks can be uuhooked from the center of the field frame. Clips, loops or other suitable devices U are arranged on the end bars of the field frame to engage over the bills 26 as shown in Fig. 7 so that said bills cannot become detached from the field frame.

The fields Cand G which are always in companion sets or pairs, divided by vertical or latitudinal and horizontal or longitudinal squares each equivalent to :25 degrees according to the field shown in Fig. let, or 100 degrees according to the field shown in Fig. 15. Diagonal lines 12 divide the squares into smaller sections for facilitating the sketches of objects, etc., seen through the field. In Fig. 14 the field C has a. total observation area which is The field degrees wide and degrees high.

which is the right field of ance in Fig. 15,

other set, is 46-1; degrees wide and 50 degrees high and makes with its mate a field of convenient size, but the areas of the field may be varied if desired Fields of the kind appearing in Fig. 14 are suitable for making a type of panoramic views like the one represented in Fig. 35 Where all the horizontal and all; the vertical lines are drawn geometrically parallel, the former ones corresponding to the planes of circles concentric to a common axle with the horizon: and the latterones corresponding to all the plumb lines and azimuths, while the folds divided as in Fig. 15 are used for making partial views, of the nature shown in Fig. 3a, may be termed perspective gradual-1y toward their vanishing points 180 degrees apart, the zenith and the nadir. The diagonal lines Z bend also to correspond and to divide the field of perspective squares in front of the eyes.

The innermost vertical lines of the fields will always coincide with axial rays B and B and when the quadrants are properly focused and the sight of both eyes is directed straight ahead to a distant oint the inner vertical lines of the fields 2 and C will meet or overlap and the two fields thus connected appear like one field covering a range of vision of space equal to 90 degrees of the horizon and to 50 degrees meridianally. .This

belt of space is seen through the fields as divided into sections by reason of the lines on the fields, and by using paper or a plane of delineationruled the same as the fields, portions of the view or scene observed in the individual sections of reproduced in the corresponding sections of the ruled sketching paper, so that great accuracy as well as facility and despatch is possible. 7

It is important that means be provided for preventing confusion resulting from double sight. For this purpose upper and lower screens N and N are engaged on the quadrant D- and upper, and lower screens N and N are arranged on the quadrant D These screens are disposed between the axis rays of vision so that the visual field will not be.obsoured, and each screen is made of a llase part a, fastened to the quadrants and a tip part '21 connected by a hinge n so that the screens can be folded and take up less space when the visiograph is to be packed in its carrying case. The tip members of the lower screens will normally hang in proper positions for use but the upper tip members are provided with means of locking them upright, as shown in Figs. 22 and 23, the upper tip members, each has a lug 3O behind the upper member a and a catch 31 pivoted on the upper member n is thrown down ,to locking position behind the base member and prevents the tip member from dropping. By throwing the catch 31 up above the hinge, the tip member can be swung down.

In making panoramic views the first step to take, especially in views embracing 360 degrees of horizon. is'to ascertain the four the field can becardinal or diametral points on the horizon. This is accomplished by an arrangement of mirrors and sighting devices on the'quadrants as shown in Figs. 6 and 7 and in Fig.

2a. The two mirrors FF in front of the eyes A? A reflect line EE" perpendicularly to the axis rays A B and A B which make together the visual central ray of vision that strikes a point in-the horizon, and line EE strikes the horizon upon two opposite points or extremitiesof its diameter, thus obtaining a. semicircle; the adjacent semicircle is connected by focusing the visiograph to this do of semicircle which diameter and, ex tremities are the ,same ones found and to be refound with line E l and now the perpendicular axis rays A B and A B give the forth point on the horizon. Y

The drawing out of a panoramic view is a very simple operation to perform. The sight is capable of embracing and sketching easily 30 degrees longitudinally on each side, right and left, but, because Vertical .lines aside of the. center of vision bend gradually toward vanishing points, it is absolutely necessary in panoramic views, to make use of a rotation movement, that is done simply by shifting the center of vision from 5 to 5 or 10 to 10 degrees every time the work of such sectional; space is ended along the vertical range'of squares; by so doing the vertical line which crosses the center of vision coincides with all the plumb lines of the View.

The mirrors and sighting devices referred to will now be described. The mirrors F and F are arranged adjacent and between the eyes, respectively at acuteangles and capable of turning in and out; and to be kept fixed when the sighting devices or lugs E- and E extending upwardly from the lateral portions of the quadrants D and D are reflected to the eyes. The mirrors are mounted on the lower'or base members it of the upper screens, there being, as shown in Figs. 22 and 22, an opening 32 in each base member to receive lugs 33 on the back of each mirror frame, which lugs are bent after being inserted in the opening 32 so as to be retained. The bottom of the mirror has a flange 34 with a hole 35 through which passes a screw or clamping device 36 that adjustably fastens the screen and mirror to the quadrant. When the mirrors are properly set audit is designed'to locate a point 90 degrees to the right, the right eye is used to look into the right mirror to see on what point on the horizon the sighting devices E strike, the mirror showing a sufficiently large area of the horizon to enable the pointto be readily distinguished, by its relation to surrounding objects seen in the mirror, when the user shifts 111s position to face the point sighted. In ascertaining a point 90 degrees to the left, the left eye, left mirrors ing members 0 and O which are thin plates so mounted as to be presented edgewise to the eyes in substantially the same plane with the quadrants. These members 0 and O are connected by hinges 37 (Fig. 12) with the underside of the quadrants D and D respectively and they may .be left open to allow a clear view of the fields in which case they hang down out of the range of vision, as shown in the left quadrant of Fig. 6 and right quadrant of Fig. 8 and in Fig. 10. The free end 38 of each brac ing members is adapted to be engaged by and held in closed position by a sliding bolt 39 Figs. 11 and 12, on the under side of each quadrant, the. bolt being movable in a guide 40. On the top surface of each gate are radial lines 41 centering to the ad jacent eye and arranged 10 degrees apart. These lines are here for two purposes, first; their presence marks the continuation of the interrupted quadrant, second; they may be used in setting the instrument, by placing it slightly below the pupil of the eyes, whereby their radial direction can be seen to ascertain whether or not they converge directly to their corresponding pupils. If not, the instrument is shifted slightly to the right or left until the lines are seen to converge straight to the pupils, in which case they must register also with the vertical lines of same degrees on the fields. The instrument is now raised to the level of the pupils of the eyes and the quadrants are seen, as horizontal line, and in this position theinstrument is fastened to the head. The members 0 and O can now be opened so as not to obstruct the -view of the fields. As the visiograph is made of light metal it must be stifi'ened at certain places. Hence underneath the parts of each quadrant are fastened ribs V ahd V which are arranged rants Dand' D 'vertical fields C and C5 and their frames H andHZ'sets of upper mirrors andsetsof lower mlrrors, whereby points out of the range of vision can be located'i'or use in refocusing the instrument to different parts of the space including the points of the zenith and the nadir. The horizontal fields C and C are only 20 degrees in vertical dimension, and 90 degrees in length and concentric to the eyes horizontally. The vertical quadrants D and D are disposed edgewise and concentric to the eyes in two vertical planes and parallel to each other. To support these vertical quadrants on the horizontal (math-ants D and l), the inner edges of the latter near the front corners are each formed with two vertical plates X, the upper plate l2 has slots 43 and in the lower plate horizontal lugs all as shown in Figs. 11 and 19. Each vertical quadrant is placed fiat against their respective plates X. the lugs ll entering openings -l5-in the 1 uadrants and U-shaped fastenings or clamp Y hold the parts adjustably together. Each clamp is a U shaped structure having a head l6, Figs. 11 and 19, which bears on the vertical quadrant and has two threaded shanks 47 that pass through slots 48 in the quadrant and enter the slots l fiin the plate 42. In Fig. 19 only one threaded shank -17. which has a milled nut l9 thereon. can be seen on each side. as the other one is behind it, and in Fig. 9 the slots 48 are seen as arcuate, and enable. the quadrants to be moved down 15 degrees. The vertical quadrants are connected together and relatively adjustable by right and left hand screws G and (l Figs. 8, 9 and 19. Their use is for focusing the vertical fields when the visiograph is engaged to sketch bodies close to the station point.

Field frames 11 and H which are sym metrical, are mounted on the quadrants D* and D. llach frame is constructed as shown in Fig. 21; that is to say, it is approximately rectangular in front view and. curved in side view on the same are of the quadrant to which it is fastened. Lugs 50, which have slots 51, extend rearwardly from the frames and clamp bolts 52 in the quadrant pass through this slot 51 and removably secure the frames to the quadrants. as the frames must be removed and mounted during certain stages in making a semispherical'view as\will be hereinafter explained. On each frame is adapted to be fastened av field. The fields Cl and C which are each degrees in vertical length and 10 degrees horizontally in width, are ruled or divided into spherical squares or sections and are suitable for sketching a view extending from 30 degrees above the horizon to -15 degrees below and 20 degrees (the combined Width of the two fields). As the views to be drawn are to represent the s'phericity of the space all the lines of these fields are projected lines, representing to the .eyes sight the concavity of spherical degrees; for this reason'the vertical-lines that have to coincide with the vertical circles of the celestial sphere, converge and bent above and below the horizon in such a manner asto go to their meeting pointsthe Zenith and nadir, while the horizontal lines are bent concentric and. parallel to coincide with the ahnucanta-rs of same sphere As the range of vision vertically is limited, by reason of the browsand cheeks, the fields C and C have their limits at iO degrees above the horizon. lnmaking a celestial spherical cartograph, it is necessary to sketch first from the horizon toa height of 30 degrees by means of the fields in the position shown-in Fig. 19. Then the fields are inverted, so that the formerly lower ends of the fields can be used to sketch from the degrees level to the heightof i5 degrees. But in order to see the degrees up in the sky, the vertical quadrant must be lowered 15 degrees and the axis rays of the visiograph must be pointed at 15 degrees above the horizon so that, while the sightcan be directed from the horizon up to degrees, the section or the belt troin 30 degrees can be sketched. The vertical quadrants are moved down 15 degrees by loosening the nuts 49. This arrangement will bring the 15 degrees division a: on the longer ends of the vertical fields to the point of the aXis ravs B and ll of the horizontal quadrants. After the sketch has been completed to the l5 degree lines, the fields C and C are removed from the frames H" and H and the fields C and C Fig. :20, are substituted for enabling the sketching to be completed from the i5 degree line to the zenith. These fields C and C are divided by vertical or lat-itudinal lines which vanish to a point that corresponds to the zenith, when the instrument is properly held and the lines converge upwardly. lVhen sketching a terrestrial cartograph, the fields C and C will be put on in the frames with the lines converging down 'ardly. The fields which are of transparent material,- such as celluloid, are held in position on their frames bv pins 52 thereon engaging in apertures 53 in the fields and also. by clamps U and U on each frame. Each clamp has, members 55 which slide through openings 56 Fig. 21 in the field frame and ha e springs 57 which hold the clamp tightly against the field which has one end inserted under the clamp and between the members thereof.

Sighting devices E and T are arranged inpairs at the upper and lower ends of the vertical quadrants D and D and lie in lines that converge to the eyes or stations A and are disposed 45 degrees above and below the middle of the-quadrants. Mirrors F and F* are associated with sighting device on the upper end of the vertical quadrant D* and mirrors F and F with'those on the the brackets L and L.

upper endcf quadrant D The mirrors F and F are disposed directly over the double left and right-preventing screens on the upper side of the horizontal quadrants and 5 said mirrors are adjustably arranged on axles, suchas the screvvs or spindles 36 that '15 constructed as shown in Fig. 27 and mounted as shown in Figs. 8 and 9. Only one set of these mirrors need to be used, being ad'fl ustable to the lower part of either vertical quadrant and these are shown fastened by a screw or equivalent device 61 that passes through-openings 62 in the frame R and screws in the quadrant D. These two mirrors F an F are fixed, the reflecting angle to be obtained with them is secured when frame R is adjusted in its exact position on the vertical quadrant. Additional sighting devices E and E are arranged on the vertical quadrants at angles of de- 'grees above and below the middle of the 30 quadrants and these are used to insure the proper positionbf the vertical quadrants with respect to the vision.

' In Fig. 24 the mirrors associated with the left eye are shown and the dotted lines illustrate the use of the mirror F. in "obtaining a cardinal point or one 90 degrees to the side of or at right angle to the visual ray ig. 25 is a sidevi ew of the groupof 4.0 gnirrorsshown in Fig. 24, and illustrates the use of mirrors F and Fto enable the eye to see the sighting devices E on the top of 'the left vertical quadrant. The lower mir- .rors F and F are shown in use in Fig. 26 to sight a point in the view 45 degrees below and from the visual ray AB.

For panorama and spherical surveying work it will be more convenient and reli-' able to mechanically support the visiograph,

'50 rather than wear it, as shown in Fig. 7. In

sketching partial and small views the visiograph can be carried on the head with satisfactory results. A support for the visiographin drawing larger work insures precision and stability and enables the artist to discontinue his work and resume it at any time with the vis'iograph remaining in the meantime in its exact position. The vjsiograph support is essentially a pivotal 50 movement structure and comprises a base,

a plurality of legs fastened thereto, a hori zontal circular track supported by the legs ,at about the height of the artists eyes when he is positioned within the said structure,

sweeps from the horizon to the zenith and to nadir, when is engaged in spherical surveys or delineations.

The base 7) is a ring having openings )9 to receive nails, screws, staples, wires or other means 7) for securely fastening the base to the floor, ground or other supporting surface, and detachably secured to the upper surface of the base ring 7) are shoes attached by screws 7), said shoes being fitted to the lower. end of track supporting legs m These legs have caps 0 on which rest lugs 0 projecting outwardly from un: der the circular track a, said lugs being held fast to the legs by screws 0 The legs are made in two sections, connected by stretching means or screws n whereby the track a can be leveled. The track a is made in three sections, one section 63 being a half circle, and two sections (54 and 65, being each quarter circles, which altogether make a circular track, as shown in Fig. 29, that is supported by eight legs. This complete track allows the circular or rotating movements of the visiog'raph to different angles in respect to space.

In Fig. 28 the pivotal movement structure is shown in use with only the half section of the circular track, and five legs supporting it, two legs being behind the near ones.

- In thisconditiou, the visiograph, which in thisfigure as well as in Fig. 29 is shown in 7 dotted lines, is. held to be carried in all its radius -spherica1 movements. The carriage or supporting frame for the visiograph consists of a horizontal semicircular merhber a that overlies the track and has small rollers a? which run in a groove (1 (Fig. 29) in the track and the ends of the member a are hingedly connected at a with the ends of a vertical semi-circular member 03 which carries a central moving and supporting means for the visiograph.

The upper portion of the arched member (Z is steadied by an arm or quadrant between it and the'middle of the base member a. This quadrant comprises scaled telescoping or slidably connected arcuate parts a and f adjustably held fixed by a set of screws 71. and a. clamp The upper end a of the part 0 passes through the member (Z (Fig. and between lugs cl on the latter and a screw (l passing through the lugs cl and the end 6' secures the part c to the member (Z. Stability is given to the visiograph holding carriage by means of an bracket a screw 6 which extends into a socket t on the top of the member (Z (Fig. 31) and forms a pivot about which the carriage for the visiograph turns. The part g which carries the pivot t is hinged at g to the main part of the bracket and can be moved out of the way when the tips of the vertical fields of the visiograph are fully raised to the zenith. In the upper end of the bracket 7 is inserted a member thatcarries a needle e that extends vertically and iii the vertical turning axisof the carriage, and is used when pointing the sight to the zenith, in which case the semi circle or member (Z is moved to the right into the dotted line position Fig. 28, by shortening the quadrant 7. In using the needle,.the part g is thrown upwardly out of the way, but the member 9 is first removed to enable the part g to swing upwardly on its hinge and the member 9 is then put back.

The central bracket orattaching means for the-visiograph consists of two areuate pieces 0 and c that extend inwardly from the arched member (Z and have their inner ends fastened to a slotted quadrant Z) which is concentric with. the horizontal axis on which the member (Z swings. A slide and clamp Z "is adjustable in the slot 1)" of the quadrant Z) and on this device Z are opposite extendinghinged loops Z which are adapted to engage with double hooks r and 7* that are attached to the right and left horizontal quadrants of the visiograph Fig. 32. Means are provided for attaching the side of the visiograph to the carriage or to some part carried thereby. Brackets I] 1 constructed as shown in Fig. 33 and arranged as shown in Figs. 28 and 29,:1re mounted on horizontal extensions (2. of the pintles of the hinges a (see Fig. 33), such extensions extending into eyes (1' of the brackets. The end of ea'ch bracket is provided with a slot into which extends a clamping screw that screws into the vlsiograph quadrants. A bracing member 7 concentric with the hori- -zontal axis or the eye (1 is fastened to each bracket and through the slot 7' of the-brace j? passes a' clamping screw that screws into a threaded socket piece j on the me1nber (Z, as shown in Fig. 33. \Vhen the visiograph is adjusted up and down on the horizontal axis, while the member (ids stationary, the slide and clamp Z" of the quadrant. 7) is loosened, as are also'thc screws 7' and these elements are again ti 'htened when the desired adjustment is obtained. The device Z and screws j are, however, not disturbed tudinally. This when the position of the visiograph is adjusted by swinging the member c5 up and down. To prevent the visiograph holding frame or carriage from turning on the carriage after the visiograph is set ready for work, a plurality of clamps K are provided, on the base circle .or member a, to grip the: track. Each clamp comprises oppositely disposed spring jaws K and K fastened on the base member a and provided with a screw K which when turned one way opens and releases the jaws and when turned the otherzway closes and grips the jaws.

In using the visiograph pivotal movement, it will be assumed that a survey of the whole visible land is to be made as in Fig. 36. The visiograph is adjustedto,the'position shown by dotted lines Fig. 28 and the artist positions himself behind the visiograph and inlooking forward observes the scene to be sketched through the two squared bands formed respectively by the two horizontalfields and the two vertical fields intercrossing the point of the axis rays of'sight. The v two axis. rays meet or merge at some cardinal or other selected point in the horizon, as for instance a Fig. 36, which point 1s seen 1 through the fields at points 0 Fig. 19. The

whole scene that is seen through the fields is divided into small square sections and quarters thereof by reason of the lines on the fields. The paper on'which the sketch is to be made is ruled by longitudinal lines or I circles a. concentric with the nadir, latitudinal lines or radii a and diagonal lines a Fig. 36, this being the plane of delineation for visio-spherical projection. The

lines alllon the paper correspond to the lines 0 on the fields Fi 19; lines a to lines 0 and lines a. to lines at. This net of concentric circles with their radii constitutes a projection of the celestial sphere seen from its center and with the sight pointed right to the nadir. 7,

Before expiaining the method of drawing the picture, it may be remarked that the scene showncin Fig. 36, represents a view of the East river, in the vicinity'of Blackwells Island, as seen from the balcony of the third tower of the Queenshoro Bridge; New York city is seen in the distance, then the East river, Blackwells Island, the railing and the floor of the balcony, and Long Island City to the side of the balcony oppo- 7 site from New York city. The visiograph is set so that the verticalcentral line of the fields is exactlv coincident with the longitudinal central line of the bridge, which line becomes the diamcter'of the horizon. Beginning with the left eye, the artist observes all of that section of the scene within the lines a, a, a and a, which is an area 10 degrees longitudinally and 45 degrees latiis sketched square by down to 45 degrees level.

square or pieciby piece, without changing the set of the visiograph. As soon as this section is finished, the visiogra 'ih is turned to the left 20 degrees, so that by the useot 5 both vertical fields the section a, 1.4" and 15 degrees so that some portion of thescene that has been already sketched and the nadir can beseen through the new fields. The scene is then eon'ipleted by sketching it section by section as before.

in order to be sure of the coincidence of the degrees, the sight is directed down to the nadir, taking care of its being at right angles to the horizon, which is relleeted through the mirrors in front of the eyes according to the method of reflection shown in Fig. It .will be observed that in sketching a terrestrial cartogra 'ih, only two vertical adjustments of the visiograph is required, or in other words the scene is sketched in two belts, both 45 degrees latitudinally.

'he'n taking a celestial survey. three vertical adjustments of the visiograph are requit-ed, two adjustments by means of the vertical fields. Fig. -15), a belt of '50 de grees is first sketched, then a belt of 15 degrees with the fields inverted and the vertical quadrants let down 15 degrees, and

40 finally by means of the vertical fields Fig.

20 a third adjustment for a belt of 4-5 de' grees that reaches the zenith.

,In drawing a spherical survey, 'or a coin 'b1ned terrestrial and celestial extended from nadir to the horizon and from the horizon to the zenith. tour vertical :uljustments of the visiographare necessary, first to the horizon which permits a belt of 550 degrees above and 45 below the horizon to be sketched; second to the nadir; third to the 45 degree level above the horizon, and fourth to the zenith. The halt semi-spherical celestial and terrestrial survey represented in Fig. 37 is also taken from the "Queenshoro Bridge, New York city, and from the same spot as in Fig. 36. in the present cartographic view, the center of the picture is in the line of horizon which is a straight 'y'line coincident to the level of the cartog- SOraphers sight. as being the diameter ol" the semi-spherical cartograph of which only one half is represented here, showing part of the cartographers right foot in its bottom or point of nadir. In this case the Before I 20 sketching this lower belt of the scene, and

to sketch the belts-lying between the points l1 and I and I), or nadir, 71 and 1", and 6"" and 7/ or zenith. In sketching each belt, the visiograph is moved hori zontally, step by step for the sketching of the belts, section after section with the use of some arrangement of visual fields as in Fig. 96. The paper or plane of delineation on which the scene is sketched, is prepared previously with longitudinal, latitudinal and diagonal lines, as a. projection of the celestial sphere seen from its center when the sight is directed on a level with the horizon, to correspond with the lines of the fields. The tltlllHPtll'CIlt fields ot' the visiograph may be used also for tracing the scene directly upon their inner surface.

From what has been said, it-will be obvious that. the visiograph must have a universal n'iovcment or movements on two axes (vertical and horizontal) to he used for spherical surveys, but in taking panoramic laws as in Fig. 15. onlv a rotatory movement about the vertical axis is necessary. ln :1 'ianoramic view, the latitudinal and longitudinal lines are drawn straight and at right angles to each on the aper, as are the lines on the fields; but there in the fields, the longitudinal or horizontal. lines become arcs of circles parallel to the horizon and concentric to the eyes the moment they are seen with the visiograph, because of their arcuate disposition, except the line of the horizonwhich is at a level with the sight. For this reason, the development of the view upon the straight lines of the paper means, that the horizontals on the paper represent circles concentric to the horizon, and that the view represented to be seen correctly, must he'turned in a cylindrical disposition and with the eye at the station point or center of curvature.

The view shown in Fig. 35 covers 1.80 (lo-- 'grees ol' the limlZUIrSHH from the balcony a vertical quadrant at right angle to two halves vot a horizontal quadrant, both parts and both halves being divided into sections of spherical degrees.

2. i\.\'isiograph comprising two vertical quadrants and two horizontal quadrants arranged at right angles to said vertical quadrants, visual fields representing projections oi the celestial sphere secured to said quadrants and adapted to be arranged concentric to the eyes of the user.

3. A visiograph comprising two quadrants, a spherical field provided with projections of the celestial sphere and secured to said quadrants, and adapted to be arranged concentric to has eyes of the user.

i. A visiograph comprising a pair of quadrants in the form of thin plates adapted to be presented edgewise to the respective eyes of the user, and means on each quadrant to divide a view into sections.

5. A visiograph comprising a pair of quadrants in the form of thin plates adapted to be presented edgewise to the respective eyes of the user, means on each quadrant to 15' divide any view into sections horizontally,

and means cooperating with the first means for dividing any view vertically into sections. 4

6. A visiograph comprising plate-like quadrants adapted to be held one in front of and edgewise to each eye, and means extending upwardly and downwardly from the quadrants to enable a view to be seen in vertical sections.

7. A visiograph comprising plate-like quadrants adapted to be held one in front of and edgewise to each eye, means extending upwardly and downwardly from the quadrants to enable a view to be seen in vertical sections, and means on each quadrant to enable a view to be seen in horizontal sections.

' 8. A visiograph comprising plate-like quadrants. adapted to be held one in front of and edgewise to each eye, means extending upwardly and downwardly from the quadrants to enable a view to be seen in vertical sections, and means on each quadrant to enable view to be seen in horizontal sec- 40 tions, said quadrants being adjustable toward or from each other for focusing the visiograp 9. A visiograph comprising plate-like quadrants adapted to be held one in front of and edgewise to each eye, means for attaching the quadrants. to the head of the user, and means on the quadrants for enabling any view to be measured in vertical and horizontal degrees.

10. A visiograph comprising plate-like quadrants adapted to be held one in front of and edgewise to each eye, means on the quadrants for enabling a view to be seen in sections, and means on the quadrants for preventing double sight.

11. A visiograph comprising plate-like quadrants adapted to be held one in front of and edgewise to each eye, means on the quadrant for enabling a view to be seen in sections, and means on the quadrants" for preventing double sight, and sighting devices on the quadrants.

12. A visiograph comprising a structure adapted to be worn like spectacles, a pair of means thereon forenabling a view to be seen in sections or to be measured vertically and horizontally, and means for preventing double sight.

13. A visiograph comprising a frame, means thereon for enabling a view of 90 degrees to be seen in sections, sighting devices on the frame disposed at right angles to the ray of vision, and reflecting means on the frame for enabling the sighting devices to be seen to ascertain the cardinal points in the horizon.

14. A visiograph comprising a frame, means thereon for enabling a view 01890118- grees to be seen in sections, sighting devices on the frame disposed at right angles to the ray of vision, and means on the frame for preventing double sight and enabling the sighting devices to be seen to ascertain the cardinal points in the horizon.

15. A visiograph comprising a frame .made in adjustably connected parts, sighting devices onthe said parts adapted to be brought into the convergence of a ray of vision of each eye, by the adjustment of the parts, sighting devices extending at right angles to the first mentioned sighting devices, and mirrors arranged to throw the image of the last mentioned sighting devices into the eyes.

16. A visiograph. comprising two transparent fields divided into sections by intersecting lines, there being one field for each eye, and-means for adjusting the fields toward each other to coincide at their inner lines with the line of vision.

17. A visiograph comprising two transparent fields divided into sections by degrees by intersecting lines, there being one field for each eye, means for adjusting the fields toward each other to coincide at their inner portions with the center of vision, and means disposed between eyes and fields to prevent double sight.

18. A visiograph comprising a pair of visual fields each having series of transacting lines dividing the field into sections for enabling a view to be seen in sections, one series of lines being converging, oppositely from the center of vision toward the horizon and the other series of lines being converging toward the zenith and nadir, and means for adjusting the fields toward or from each other whereby the inner'edge's of the fields meet in the center of vision.

19. A visiograph comprising a pair of lined visual fields having their inner lines on each quadrant, a transparent sheet removably mounted on the field frame and having transecting lines dividing sheet into sections, a second field frame on each quadrant and extending transversely to the first frame, and a transparent sheet on the second frame and having transecting lines dividing the sheet into sections.

A vlsiograph comprlsmg a support, a frame on the support, studs on the frame,

- and a spherical field having openings to re ceive the studs whiclrretain the plate on the frame.

A visiograph comprising a field frame having a movable stretching member at one end and a fixed member at the other, and a field removablv engaged with the said members.

.24. A visiograph comprising a field frame having a hinged stretching member at one end, a lined transparent field removably attached to the frame and the stretching member, and a lock on the frame engageable with the stretching member for holding the latter in stretching position.

25. A visiograph comprising a field frame including end members and top and bottom members, arms on one end member pivoted to the top and bottom members, and movably supporting said end men'ibcr, a transparent field detachably fastened to the members, seats on the top and bottom members to receive the movable end member to hold the same in the position in which the field is held taut, and clips on the movable end member and engageable with the top and bottom men'ibers to hold the said end memher in its seats.

26. A visiograph comprising a quadrant, a field frame. hooks on the quadrant and engageable with the frame, and clips on the frame engageable with the hooks.

21A visiograph comprising a quadrant, a field frame. books on the quadrant and en- 1 gageable with the frame. clips on the frame engageal'ile with the hooks, and a transparent field fastened detachably to the'frame and having recesses to clear the hooks and clips.

28. A visiograph comprising a quadrant, a field frame. hooks on the quadrant and engageable with the frame, clips on the frame engageable with the hooks, and clamps for clamping the hooks in holding position.

29. A visiograph comprising quadrants for the respective eyes of the user, fields on the quadrants, means for adjusting the uadrants toward or from each other and 31. A visiograph comprising field holding quadrants presented edgewise to the eyes of the user, means on the quadrants for resting on the nose, hinged ear engaging members on the quadrants, an extensible element adjustably connected withthe quadrants and extending around the back of the head of the user, and means for engaging the said element with the ends of the ear engaging members.

32. A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, vertiea disposed quadrants spaced apart thereon, and fields on the quadrants for enabling a view to be seen in sections.

A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, vertically disposed quadrants adjustable thereon toward. or from each other, and fields on the quadrants adapted to be arranged concentric with the eyes of the user. I

3 A visiograph associated with three distinctive projections of the celestial sphere comprising a sup 'iorting structure, vertically disposed quadrantsmounted thereon, field frames detachably mounted on the quadrants, and lined transparent fields mounted on the frames.

35. A visiograph comprising a supporting 'tructure vertically disposed quadrants adjustable latidudinally on the structure, and fields carried by the quadrants.

36. A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, a pair of quadrants disposed verticall y, fields thereon concentric with the eyes of the user, sighting devices on the quadrants, and mirrors on the structure by which sighting devices can be seen.

37. A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, fields disposed vertically thereon and concentric with the eyes of the user, sighting devices at the upper and lower extremities of the fields and disposed in lines meeting in the eyes and above and below the range of vision, and reflectors for bringing the sighting devices within the vision.

38. A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, fields disposed vertically thereon and concentric with the eyes of the user, sighting devices at the upper and lower extremities of the fields and disposed in lines meeting in the eyes and above and below the range of vision, reflectors for bringing the sighting devices Within the yision, sighting devices at the sides of the structure and out of the range of vision, andrefiectors tor bringing the latter sighting devices within the vision.

39. A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, fields carried thereby for enabling a view to be seen in sections, sighting devices on the upper portions of the fields and located beyond the range of vision, and a pair of reflectors located on the structure near and above each eye of the user for bringing the sighting devices within the vision.

40. A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, fields carried thereby for enabling a View to be seen in sections of degrees, sighting devices on the upper portions of the fields and located beyond the range of vision, a pair of reflectors located on the structure near and above each eye of the user for bringing the sighting devices within the vision, lateral sighting devices at the sides of the structure, and reflectors located on the structure between the lines of vision of the eyes for bringing the lateral sighting devices within the vision.

4'1. A visiograph comprising a supporting structure, fields thereon for enabling a view to be seen in sections, sighting devices disposed above and below and laterally of the range of vision, and reflectors for bringing the sighting devices within the vision.

2. A visiograph comprising vertical quadrants, a field on each quadrant for enabling a view to be seen in sections, sighting devices arranged on the lower ends of the quadrants and outside the range of vision, and reflectors mounted on the quadrants for bringing I the sighting devices within the vision.

A ViSiUgl'tlPll comprising a thin platelilre structure presented edgewise to the eyes of the user, fields on and extending upwardly and (.l()\\.'li\\'hl'(il from the structure for enalding a view to be seen in sections. and screens on the upper and lowcr sides o t the structure for preventing double sight.

d4. A visiogreph comprising a thin platelilcc structure presented edgewisc to the eyes of the user, fields on and extending upwardly and downwardly from the structure for enabling any view to be seen iirscctiors of spherical degrees, screens on the upper and lower sides of the structure for preventing doublesight, sighting devic s on the lateral portions of the structure and out oi the range of vision and reflectors on the upper screens for bringing the sighting devices within the vision.

A visiograph comprising a thin plate like structure presented edgewise to the eyes of the user, fields on and extending upwardly and downwardly from the structure for enabling a view to be seen in sections,

and screens on the upper and lower sides of the structure for preventing double sight, said screens each consisting of a fixed sec tion secured to the said structure, and a movable section hinged to the fixed section.

46, A visiograph comprising a pair of quadrants symmetrically arranged and one for each eye. fields on the quadrants. means fol" ad usting the quadrants laterally toward and from each other, and clamps for holding the quadrants in adjusted position.

41A visiograph comprising a pair of quadrants symmetrically arranged and one for each eye, fields on the quadrants, right and left screws for adjusting the quadrants laterally toward and from each other, and

clamps for holding the quadrants in adjusthorizontal symmetrically arranged quad-' rants and one for each eye, fields on the quadrants, means for ad usting the quadrants laterally toward or from each other,

vcrtical quadrants oirihc horizontal quadrants and extending above and below the latter, means at thc-uppoand lower ends of the vcrti zl quadrants i'or laterally ad jusling tlu-nr toward or from each other, and liclds on the vertical quadrants.

50. A visiograph comprising a pair of horizontally disposcd symmetrical quad rants adapted to beheld onein frontot' each cyc ol' the user. arcuate visual fields on the quadrants, vertically disposed quadrants, rcmovably carried by the horizontal quadrants, and visual fields concentric with the eyes and arranged on thc vertical quadrants and disposed in overlying relation with the inner portions oi the first mentioned fields and projecting above and below'the latter.

51. A visiograph associated with three distinctive projections of the celestial sphere for enabling the representation of partial, panoramic and spherical views, comprising symmetrical visual fields for the respective yes ()1 the user, said fields being curved and adapted to be arranged concentrically with the eyes both horizontally and vertically.

A visiograph for enabling the representation of partial, panoramic and spherical views, comprising symmetrical visual fields for the respective eyes. said fields being curved comaentrically with the eyes both horizontally and vertically, and sighting de 

